Mount Rushmore National Memorial: A monument commemorating the conception, preservation, and growth of the great American republic

In Short

Mount Rushmore National Memorial: A monument commemorating the conception, preservation, and growth of the great American republic is a detailed account of the creation and significance of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Published by the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society of the Black Hills, the book chronicles the vision, planning, and execution of this iconic monument, which features the sculpted faces of four U.S. presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. It delves into the life and work of sculptor Gutzon Borglum, the challenges faced during the project, and the memorial's role as a symbol of American ideals. The book also explores the historical and cultural context of the monument, its impact on tourism, and its enduring legacy as a national treasure.

The Story

The story of Mount Rushmore begins with a vision to create a monument that would commemorate the founding principles of the United States. The idea was conceived by Doane Robinson, state historian of South Dakota, who sought to bring national attention to the state. He invited sculptor Gutzon Borglum to the Black Hills in 1924 to explore the possibility of carving a monument into the granite cliffs. Initially, the plan was to depict Washington and Lincoln in the Needles, but the stone proved unsuitable. Robinson then suggested a site on Mount Rushmore, and Borglum was inspired by the discovery of a lead tablet planted by Verendrye in 1743, which symbolized the early exploration of the region.

Borglum envisioned a grand memorial that would honor not just individuals but the ideals they represented. He selected four presidents to be depicted: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. Each was chosen for their pivotal roles in shaping the nation—Washington as the founding father, Jefferson as the author of the Declaration of Independence, Lincoln as the savior of the Union, and Roosevelt as a champion of progressive reform and territorial expansion.

The project faced numerous challenges, including financial constraints, harsh weather conditions, and the technical difficulties of carving granite at such a scale. Borglum's indomitable will and artistic genius drove the project forward. He employed innovative techniques, including the use of dynamite and pneumatic drills, to remove over 400,000 tons of granite. The work was dangerous, but Borglum ensured the safety of his workers, boasting that no one was seriously injured during the carving.

The memorial's construction spanned 14 years, from 1927 to 1941. The Washington head was unveiled in 1930, followed by Jefferson in 1936, Lincoln in 1937, and Roosevelt in 1939. Borglum died in 1941, just as the project was nearing completion, and his son, Lincoln Borglum, oversaw the final touches.

Mount Rushmore quickly became a symbol of American democracy and a major tourist attraction. It has been visited by millions, inspiring awe and reflection on the nation's history and values. The memorial's enduring legacy is a testament to the vision of its creators and the enduring power of art to capture the spirit of a nation.

How It Unfolds

The Vision Takes Shape: Doane Robinson conceives the idea for a monument in the Black Hills and invites Gutzon Borglum to explore the possibility. Borglum is inspired by the region's history and selects Mount Rushmore as the site.

Selection of the Presidents: Borglum chooses Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Roosevelt to represent the founding, expansion, preservation, and growth of the nation.

Challenges and Triumphs: The project faces financial, technical, and logistical challenges, but Borglum's determination and innovation drive it forward. The carving process is meticulous and dangerous, but no workers are seriously injured.

Unveilings and Dedications: The heads of the presidents are unveiled in stages, with each event drawing national attention and dignitaries, including Presidents Coolidge, Roosevelt, and others.

Borglum's Legacy: Gutzon Borglum dies in 1941, but his son, Lincoln, completes the project. The memorial becomes a symbol of American ideals and a major tourist destination.

Enduring Impact: Mount Rushmore continues to inspire visitors and serves as a testament to the nation's history and values, attracting millions of tourists annually.

The People

Gutzon Borglum: The visionary sculptor who conceived and executed the Mount Rushmore project. His artistic genius, technical skill, and unwavering determination were crucial to the memorial's success.

Lincoln Borglum: Gutzon Borglum's son, who took over the project after his father's death and ensured its completion.

Doane Robinson: The state historian of South Dakota who initiated the idea for the monument and played a key role in its early planning.

Calvin Coolidge: The U.S. President who supported the project, attended the consecration ceremony, and urged Borglum to seek federal funding.

Franklin D. Roosevelt: The U.S. President who attended the unveiling of the Jefferson head and provided ongoing support for the project.

The Workers: The team of laborers and artisans who faced dangerous conditions to carve the monument, demonstrating remarkable skill and dedication.

In Its Own Voice

"We believe a nation’s memorial should, like Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Roosevelt, have a serenity, a nobility, a power that reflects the gods who inspired them and suggests the gods they have become." —From the Foreword, emphasizing the grandeur and significance of the memorial.

"I want, somewhere in America on or near the Rockies, the backbone of the Continent, so far removed from succeeding, selfish, coveting civilizations, a few feet of stone that bears witness, carries the likenesses, the dates, a word or two of the great things we accomplished as a Nation, placed so high it won’t pay to pull down for lesser purposes." —Gutzon Borglum's vision for a lasting monument that would endure for generations.

What It's Really About

Mount Rushmore National Memorial is about more than just the physical monument; it is a celebration of American ideals and the enduring legacy of the nation's founding principles. The book explores themes of vision, perseverance, and the power of art to inspire and unite. It delves into the historical context of the memorial, highlighting the contributions of the four presidents and the significance of their roles in shaping the United States.

The book also examines the technical and logistical challenges of creating such a monumental work of art, showcasing Borglum's ingenuity and the dedication of his team. It serves as a testament to the human spirit's ability to achieve greatness in the face of adversity.

Ultimately, the book is about the enduring impact of Mount Rushmore as a symbol of democracy, freedom, and the American spirit. It invites readers to reflect on the nation's history and the values that continue to guide it.

Why Read It Today

Mount Rushmore National Memorial offers a fascinating look into the creation of one of America's most iconic landmarks. It provides a detailed account of the vision, challenges, and triumphs behind the monument, making it a valuable resource for history enthusiasts, art lovers, and anyone interested in the American story.

The book's exploration of the lives and legacies of the four presidents adds depth to the understanding of U.S. history, while its focus on Gutzon Borglum's artistic genius highlights the role of individuals in shaping national symbols. The technical details of the carving process offer a unique perspective on the challenges of large-scale sculpture, appealing to those interested in engineering and craftsmanship.

Reading this book today provides a sense of connection to the past and a deeper appreciation for the ideals that Mount Rushmore represents. It is a reminder of the enduring power of art to inspire and unite, making it a timeless work that continues to resonate with readers.